Control system with automatic response adjustment



A l, 1950 w. CALDWELL comm. SYS'I'EI um wroumc RssPonsE musrmn' mm April as. 1947 4 Shoots-Sheet 1 IN VEN TOR. WILLIAM I CALDWELL 1950 w. 1. c Lnwll. 2,517,081

CONTROL SYSTH II'IH AUTOIATIC RESPONSE ADJUS'I'IEN'I' Filed April 25, 1947 4 Sheets-Shoot 2 Sham INVENTOR. WILLIAM L CALDWELL IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIU uwuu.|umumumuu.-

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W. l. CALDWELL Aug. 1, 1950 CONTROL sysm um AUTOMATIC nssrouss mus'mzm Filad April 25, 1947 4 Shuts-Shut 3 INVENTOR. WILLIAM I. CALDWELL B'Ir' A 1, 1950 r w. 1. CALDWELL 2,517,081

CONTROL SYSTEM WITH AUTOIATIC RESPONSE ADJUSTIENT Filed April 25, 1947 4 Shoots-Sheet 4 INVENTOR- WILLIAM I CALDWELL Patented Aug. 1, I950 CONTROL SYSTEM WITH av'romrrc nnsronsn ADJUSTMENT William I. Caldwell, Rochester, N. Y., assignor to Taylor Instrument Companies,

Rochester,

N. Y., a corporation of New York Application April 25, 1947, Serial No. 743,862

15 Claims.

This invention relates to a control system for maintaining at substantially a given value, a variable condition encountered in process control such as, temperature, pressure liquid level, rate of flow and like variables.

Modern process controllers are often so complicated by the presence of so many adjusting knobs that none but the most skilled instrument men can adjust them for optimum performance.

But even with such skilled men, the process of manually adjusting these controllers is frequently tedious and time consuming. Moreover, when the controller is manually adjusted for optimum control under one set of operating conditions, it may not function properly under other conditions but must be re-adjusted for the new set of conditions. An alternative procedure that is often resorted to, is to adopt a compromise adjustment which is reasonably satisfactory for all load conditions, but which rarely provides optimum control for any given load condition.

In accordance with one feature of the present invention there is provided, self-adjusting mechanism for continuously maintaining a controller in adjustment, thereby eliminating the need of frequent manual adjustments while affording optimum or near optimum adjustments at all times and under all load conditions that the controller is designed to control.

In accordance with another feature of the present invention there is provided a controller in which all of the adjustments thereof that are not automatically effected, are adjusted by a unicontrol mechanism.

In the patent to Tate et al. No. 2,361,885, 3

granted October 31, 1944. to the assignee of the present invention, there is disclosed a control system as well as a controller, for use therein which may incorporate one or more units to provide the functions of sensitivity reduction (proportional response), preact and reset, either singly or in various combinations.

In the controller disclosed in the mentioned patent, there is provided a sensing device to detect deviations of the controlled process variable, from the desired value. The controller mechanism then varies the amount of correcting medium introduced into the process in such a way as to tend to correct the deviation. For example, the controller may be of the pneumatic type, that is utilized to control the temperature of a process by varying the air pressure to a diaphragm valve which, in turn, varies the flow of steam to the process. When a deviation from the control value occurs, the pressure on the diaphragm of the valve is usually varied in one'br more of the following ways: (a) by a response wherein the pressure change is proportional to the deviation, herein referred to as proportional control (sensitivity reduction); (b) by a pressure 2 change proportional to the time integral of the deviation from the control value, herein called reset; (0) by a pressure change proportional to the rate of change of the controlled variable, herein called pre-act. The measures of these three responses will be calibrated in units of sensitivity, of reset rate, and of pre-act time, respectively. These responses are so defined that an increase in any one of them will increase the pressure change on the diaphragm of the control valve. When the sensitivity setting of a controller is too high, the controlled variable will cycle continuously or hunt. If proportional control is used alone, too low a sensitivity setting will result in unnecessarily large deviations from the control value due to load changes, a condition often called "wander." Reset is used to correct wander but too high a reset rate tends to cause hunting. Generally, when reset is added to a controller, the sensitivity is set lower than it would be if proportional control were used alone. The use of pre-act often results in better control. For a further understanding of the invention reference is made to the detailed description and claims when taken with the drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic showing of the comtrol system of the present invention;

Fig. la illustrates a detail of the system of Fig. 1;

Figs. 2 and 2a as well as Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate other modified forms of the invention.

In Fig. 1, there is disclosed a control system including a pneumatic controller for eflecting proportional, reset, and pre-act responses, said controller being provided with self-adjusting mechanism to automatically effect the best setting oi' each of these responses with respect to prevailing conditions. As will be shown. this mechanism sets the pre-act time directly proportional to the period of cycling and the reset rate inversely proportional to the period. No change in these settings will occur until and unless an oscillation of another period occurs. When hunting occurs the self-adjusting mechanism will reduce the sensitivity. Ii. wander occurs the sensitivity will be automatically increased. As long as the controlled variable is held at the desired value, no change in the sensitivity setting will occur.

In the system, there is provided a process bath 5, to which steam is supplied through pipes 6 and I under the control of the diaphragm valve 8, to maintain the temperature of the bath at a given value.

Deviations from the required temperature within the bath are sensed by a tube system which comprises a bulb 9 communicating through a capillary tube ID with a Bourdon spring H, the

in tube system being filled with a thermosensitive medium. Let it be assumed that the temperature at the bulb increases, thereby causing the Bourdon spring II to unwind. This movement of the spring is communicated through a link I! to a pen arm bracket I and pen arm i4 which are pivotally mounted at l5 so that when the Bourdon spring tends to unwind, the left end of the bracket tends to rise. The mentioned end of the bracket is provided with a hook It to engage the baifle lever II which is pivoted at ll. The intermediate part of the bailie lever carries a bailie Is, to cooperate with a movable nozzle 20, the baiile and nozzle constituting a control couple. Compressed air at uniform pressure is supplied from pipe 2| through restriction 22 and thence through pipe 23 to nozzle where it escapes under the control of baiiie l9. Thus when the at the bulb 9 increases, the Bourdon spring will cause the baflle I! to be separated slightly from the nozzle 20. This lowers the back pressure at the nozzle and in pipes 23 and 24 leading to the capsular chamber 25 of the relay valve 26. This chamber tends to collapse, tending to open valve 26. As relay valve 26 opens, compressed air is applied from pipes 2| and 21, through this valve and through pipe 28, to the diaphragm motor top of the valve 8 which closes to reduce the amount of steam supplied to the bath 5 through pipe 1. The compressed air in pipe 28 is also applied through branch pipe 30 as well as through the adjustable needle valve 3 capacity 32 and pipe 33, to the interior of bellows 34. Bellows 34 tends to expand and by means of push rod 36 and the adjustable parallelogram linkage generally designated L, moves the nozzle 2|) upward. The construction of the parallelogram linkage and its method of operation are more fully disclosed in the mentioned Tate et al. patent.

As more fully disclosed in the mentioned patent, a gear such as 31 is operated by pinion 38 to change the eifectiveness of the parallelogram linkage L so that a given movement of push rod 38 may effect a relatively large or a relatively small movement of the nozzle 20. In other words, the linkage L provides a sensitivity adjustment. The upward movement of the nozzle with the consequent reduction in the separation of the baifle and nozzle provides a. so-called follow-up action or sensitivity reduction so that the operation of the controller and the adjustment of the motor diaphragm valve 8 will be proportional to the deviation in temperature at the bulb 9.

The proportional action just referred to neglects the action of the needle valve 3| and the capacity 32. However, these two elements cooperate to superimpose on the proportional response of the controller, a control action known as pre-act, which is proportional to the rate of the deviation in temperature. The rotation of the knob 3|A of the needle valve 3| changes the pre-act time.

The present controller is also provided with a so-called reset action. This action is effected by a bellows 39 which is mounted to oppose the action of the first-mentioned bellows 34 so that the follow-up action which is effected by the operation of the first bellows is cancelled out,

after a predetermined interval of time known as the reset time. In effecting this reset operation the compressed air supplied through pipe 28 to the top of the motor diaphragm valve 8, is applied through pipe 30, needle valve 4| and capacity 42, pipe 43, to the interior of bellows -19 until the pressures in bellows 39 equals that in bellows 34. The rotation of the knob "A of the needle valve ll changes the reset rate. The

structure of the mechanism thusfar referred to may be identical with that disclosed in the above mentioned patent.

The automatic adjustment of the sensitivity reduction of the controller is effected by the expansion and contraction of the pneumatically operated bellows It in a manner-to be set forth. This bellows has its right end mounted on a fixed support while its left end is connected by a link 41 to an eccentrically located point on the pinion 3]. Thus as the link 41 is moved lengthwise to the right or to the left, by bellows 46, the pinion will be rotated counterclockwise or clockwise respectively, to change the setting of the controller. 1 The automatic adjustment of the pre-act time is similarly effected by a, pneumatically operated bellows 49 which has its right end fixed to a 'support. The movable left end of this bellows is connected by a link 5|! to an eccentrically located point on the knob SIA of the needle valve 3|. By this construction when the bellows expands or contracts by the application thereto of varying pressures as will be set forth, the link 50 will move lengthwise to the right or to the left respectively. These movements of the link rotate the knob SIA clockwise or counterclockwise, to change the setting of the needle valve 8| and thereby change the pre-act time.

Also the free end of the bellows 49 is also con nected by a link 5| to an eccentric point on the knob 4|A of the needle valve 4|. Consequently the bellows 49 in expanding or contracting respectlvely, adjusts the needle valve 4| to change the reset rate.

In order to sense the need for automatically changing the setting of the controller to maintain optimum adjustments thereof, there is preferably provided a second control couple comprising the baffle with the cooperating nozzle 56 and the relay valve 58, which is operated in the same manner as the battle [8, nozzle 20 and relay valve 26. The previously mentioned bracket ll which is operated by the tube system on any change in temperature at the bulb 9, operates through link 5| to cause a similar motion of the bracket 52. The bracket 52 is pivoted at 53 and is provided with a hook to raise and lower the left end of the baiile lever 54 and the baille 55 carried thereby. In response to the changes in the space relation between the baflle '55 and nozzle 56, the back pressure at the nozzle and in the capsular chamber 59 of valve 58 is varied accordingly. The movable part of the valve II in like manner, changes the output pressure in the pipe 60 leading from the relay to the bellows 6| and through adjustable restriction 82 to the bellows 63. The lower end of bellows 6| is fixed while its movable upper end is pivotally connected to the left end of the differential lever 64. However, the upper end of the bellows 44 is fixed and its lower movable end is connected to the right end of differential lever 54. The

'.' right end of the differential lever 64 is also connected to the valve stem 55 which is a part of a leakless valve I. This valve comprises a cylindrical body having its ends 58 and 59 perforated to permit the valve stem 55 to pass freely therethrough. The body has a centrally perforated partition 10 provided with the valve seats 10A and 103. An upper valve disc 1|A which cooperates with valve seat "A, encircles the valve 'stem 55 to move freely in airtight relation thereon. This valve disc is carried by a bellows ll which has its lower end sealed to the periphery of the valve disc and which has its upper end sealed to the margin of the upper end 88 of body around the perforation therein. The-bellows I3 surrounds the valve stem 85 and with the upper half of the valve body, forms a chamber to which compressed air is supplied through pipe 14 and from which chamber the compressed air escapes to pipe TIA. The valve disc 'HB which cooperates with valve seat B, is likewise carried in sealed relation on the upper end of bellows 15. The lower end of this bellows is sealed to the end 69 of the body around the opening therein. The lower half of the body together with bellows provides a chamber to which compressed air is supplied through pipe 74 and from which chamber air escapes to pipe 15 under the control of valve disc NB. The valve disc HA normally engages its valve seat "A and the valve disc 'HB normally engages its valve seat 103. A collar 8|! fixed to the valve stem 85 when moved upward unseats valve disc HA and when moved downward unseats the valve disc HB.

An intermediate point 8| on the difierential lever 64 has pivotally connected thereto a valve stem 82 which is common to the leakless valves II, III, and IV. These leakless valves are identical in construction with valve I and need not be further described.

Due to the restriction 52 in pipe 59 and due to the capacity of the bellows 63, beyond it, a filter action is obtained so that bellows 63 and valve I driven by it, is unafiected by cyclic variations in the controlled pressure but does respond to wander, that is, non-cyclic deviation from the control point. If it is desirable, better or more complete filtering can be obtained by the addition of more resistances and capacities in the well known manner.

At point 8| on the difierential lever 64 which connects bellows 69 and 63, as previously mentioned, wander of the controlled variable produces no displacement. However, a cyclic displacement of point 8| on lever 64 with the resultant cyclic displacement of valves II, III and IV, occurs in response to cycling of the controlled variable. Consequently, when the wander condition arises, the pressure will increase in bellows 46 since compressed air will be supplied either through the upper or lower chamber of valve I, pipe 15, adjustable restriction 88 and pipe 89, but when the cycling condition arises, the pressure in bel'ows 46, will decrease since the compressed air will tend to escape through pipe 89 and through either the upper or the lower chamber of valve II, adjustable restriction 99, to the atmosphere. Bellows 46, as previously mentioned, is connected to the pinion 38 which adjusts the sensitivity of the controller so that on cycling the sensitivity of the controller will be reduced and on wander the sensitivity will be increased. In this way the self-adjusting mechanism can set the sensitivity to that required by the process and can change it as required by changes in the process. The width of the band in which no readjust takes places depends upon the width of the collar such as 80 on the valve stem such as 65 and on the displacement of the bellows such as GI and 63 respectively in response to a given deviation of the controlled variable from the control point. Relay valve 58 in the self-adjusting mechanism is not necessary but would probably be used in an economical design.

It should be noted that the pressure in bel- 15 under the control of the valve disc 6 lows 45 is generally insensitive to the period of cycling as long as the amplitude of the strokes of the stem 82 of valve 11 is large as compared to the length of the stroke during which both valve seats are seated.

The pressure in bellows period of cycling. 0n displacement. of the stem 82 of valve 111, in one sense, compressed air is admitted to the capacity tank 84. On displacement of the stem in the opposite sense compressed air is supplied from the tank 84 to bellows 48, thereby increasing the pressure in it. During sustained oscillations. valve IV will be open a percentage of the time depending on its adjustment but not on the period. Consequently. leakage from bellow 49 through valve IV and adjustable restriction 86 in pipe 81 to the atmosphere, will be independent of the period of the cycle. The inflow into bellows 49 through valve III will be inversely proportional to the period so that as the period gets shorter the pressure in bellows 48 will increase. As previously mentioned, the free end of bellows 49 is connected by the links 5| and 50 to the mechanism controlling the reset rate and the pre-act time in such a way that as the period increases the reset rate decreases and the pre-act time increases.

In the modified form of the invention disclosed in Fig. 2, the automatic adjustment of the sensitivity of the contro ler, as shown in Fig. 1, is retained. However, the automatic mechanism for adjusting the pre-act time and the reset rate as illustrated in Fig. 1, has been omitted. The omitted portions include the links 5|! and 5|, bellows 49, leakless valves III and IV and capacity tank 84. In this modification, the knob 3|A of needle valve 3| and the knob 4|A of the needle valve 4|, are placed end to end in close relation, with a pad 9| of resilient material such as rubber therebetwecn. The disc 9| frictionally engages the exposed ends of the knobs 3 IA and 4 A, thereby effectively providing a manual unicontrol for the needle valve 3| which changes the preact time and for the needle valve 4| which changes the reset rate. The frictional engagement of the disc 9| with the knobs 3|A and HA, also permits these knobs to be independently adjusted in the event that it is desired to establish a different relation between the pre-act and reset adjustments although this is rarely necessary.

The form of the invention illustrated in Fig. 3, differs from that shown in Fig. 1 in that the sensitivity is adjusted by manually rotating the pinion 38. The means for automatically effecting this adjustment are omitted. The omitted parts include the link 41, bellows 45, pipe 89, and leakless valves I and II. The construction and operation of the mechanism for automatically adjusting the pre-act time and reset rate have already been described in connection with Fig. l and need not be repeated.

In the modification disclosed in Fig. 4, the automatic adjustment of sensitivity and automatic adjustment of pre-act time, as shown in Fig. 1, are retained, but the reset control effect, is completely omitted. In this arrangement, the bellows 39, pipe 43, capacity 42, needle valve SI and link 5| are omitted. In thismodificatlon the supplemental baille 55, nozzle 56 and relay valve 58 have been omitted for purposes of economy but with some decrease in efl'iciency of operation. As herein shown, the pipe communicates with pipe 23 which in turn is connected directly to the nozzle 20. It should be noted that the stems on 49 is a function of the 7 the knobs MA and A are threaded in the left hand sense.

In this specification the term wander" has been used as synonymous with "aperiodic deviation" from the control point, while the terms hunting" and oscillating have been used as synonymous with periodic deviation."

What I claim is:

1. In a system for correcting deviations in a deviations from the given control value for automatically adjusting the amount oi response of said primary means to any given deviation, and other means responsive to hunting or oscillation of the variable about the control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said secondary means and said tertiary means to any given deviation.

2. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response of the primary means to said given deviation, and other means responsive to hunting or oscillation of the variable about the control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said secondary means and said tertiary means to any given deviation.

3. In a system for .correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means responsive to a tendency for deviations from the given control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said primary means, to any given deviation, and other means directly proportional to the period of the oscillations of the variable about the control value and inversely proportional to the period of said oscillations for automatically adlusting the amount of response of said tertiary means and said secondary-means respectively.

4. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value,

mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applyin an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application or said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral oi the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response or the primary means to said given deviation, and other means responsive to a periodic deviation of the variable about the control value for automaticallyadiusting the amount of response 01' said tertiary means to any given deviation.

5. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value,

mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral oi the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response 01' the primary means to said given deviation, and other means responsive to a periodic deviation of the variable about the control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response or said secondary means to any given deviation.

6. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correctin agent in amounts proportional to the time integral oi the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, and means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response oi the primary means to said given deviation.

7. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application or said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, manually operated means for adjusting the amount of response of said primary means. to any given deviation, and other means directly proportional to the period of the oscillations of the variable about the control value and inversel proportional to the period of said 9 oscillations for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said tertiary means and said secondary means respectively.

8. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applyin an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviationii'rom the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, manually operated means for adjustingthe amount of response of said primary means to any given deviation, and other means responsive inversely proportional to the period of said oscillations for automatically adjusting the amount of response 01' said secondary means.

9. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correctin said deviation secondary means for controlling the application oi. said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, manually operated means for adjusting the amount of response of said primary means to anv given deviation, and other means responsive directly proportional to the period of the oscillations of the variable about the control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said tertiary means.

10. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral or the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means responsive to deviations from the given control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said primary means to any given deviation and a manually operated element for adjusting the amount of response of said secondary means and said tertiary means to any given deviation.

11. In a'system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, tertiary means for controlling the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means responsive to deviations from the given control value for automatically adjusting the amount ofresponse of said primary means to any given deviation,

and I operated unicontrol element for adjustably increasing the response of said secondary means and for simultaneously decreasing the response of said tertiary means to any given deviation and vice versa.

12. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable,.primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, other means for controllin the application of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the rate of change of said sensed deviation, means responsive to deviations from the given control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response of said primary means to any given deviation, and other means responsive to hunting or the variable about the control value for automaticall adjusting the amount of response or said other means to any given deviation.

13. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, secondary means for controlling the application. of said correcting agent in amounts proportional to the time integral of the said sensed deviation from the control value, means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response of the primary means to said given deviation, and other means responsive to hunting or oscillation of the variable about the control value for automatically adjusting the amount of response or said secondary means to any given deviation.

14. In a system for correcting deviations in a certain variable from -a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response 01 the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response of the primary means to said given deviation.

15. In a system for correcting deviations in a. certain variable from a given control value, mechanism for sensing deviations in said variable, primary pneumatic means proportionally responsive to a given sensed deviation for applying an agent for correcting said deviation, and pneumatic means actuated by an aperiodic deviation for increasing the response of the primary means to a given deviation and actuated by a periodic deviation for decreasing the response of the primary means to said given deviation.

I. CALDWELL.

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UNITED s'ra'rns PA'I'ENTB 

